The September birthstone is sapphire—a gem that has been revered for thousands of years, not just for its beauty, but for the rich lore and symbolism that surrounds it. Sapphires belong to the family of corundum, a mineral that also includes rubies. Together, sapphire, ruby, and emerald form the Big 3 of jewelry gemstones. Though sapphire is most commonly associated with a deep, rich blue, this royal gemstone actually comes in an entire spectrum of colors. As long as a corundum gem isn’t red (which would classify it as a ruby), it is called a sapphire.
While blue is the most iconic color of sapphire, sapphires can be found in nearly every color of the rainbow, including pink, yellow, orange, green, and even colorless. The range of colors, known as “fancy sapphires,” allows for a vast array of options for those seeking a unique twist on the traditional sapphire.
In particular, pink sapphires occupy a fascinating niche. They tread a fine line between being categorized as ruby or sapphire, especially in the U.S., where the distinction depends on the color saturation. Interestingly, pinkish-orange sapphires, known as padparadscha sapphires, are highly sought after and can fetch higher prices than even some blue sapphires. These rare and beautiful stones are cherished for their delicate and unique coloration, reminiscent of a tropical sunset.
Star Sapphires: A Celestial Phenomenon
Sapphires are not only prized for their vibrant hues but also for the mesmerizing optical phenomenon they can display. Asterism, or the star effect, occurs in some sapphires, creating a star-like pattern on the surface of the gem when it is cut en cabochon. This effect is typically seen as a six-ray star, though 12-ray stars are possible in rare cases. The Star of Asia, a 330-carat star sapphire housed at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, is one of the most famous examples of this phenomenon. The star effect in these gems is caused by light reflecting off rutile inclusions, which are needle-like structures within the sapphire.
The 330-ct Star of Asia is in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History – Chip Clark, courtesy Smithsonian Institution
Durability and Versatility
Sapphire is not only a gemstone of unparalleled beauty but also of remarkable durability. With a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale, sapphire is the third hardest mineral, following diamond and moissanite. This makes sapphire an excellent choice not only for jewelry that can withstand daily wear, such as engagement rings and wedding bands, but also for various industrial applications. Sapphire’s resilience is why it’s used in scientific instruments, high-durability windows, watches, and electronics, including smartphone screens.
Historical and Modern Sources
Kashmir, Myanmar (formerly Burma), and Sri Lanka are some of the most historically significant sources of sapphire. Kashmir sapphires, renowned for their velvety blue color and rarity, are among the most prized gemstones in the world. Myanmar and Sri Lanka continue to produce sapphires of extraordinary quality, contributing to the gem’s legendary status.
In addition to these regions, sapphires are also mined in Australia, Thailand, Cambodia, Madagascar, and Montana in the United States. Each location produces sapphires with distinct characteristics, and the origin of a sapphire can greatly influence its value, alongside the factors of color, cut, clarity, and carat weight. Today, top-quality blue sapphires, especially those from Kashmir, remain among the rarest and most coveted of all gemstones.
Symbolism and Significance
Throughout history, sapphire has been a symbol of loyalty, sincerity, integrity, and wisdom. Its deep blue color is often associated with the heavens, making it a symbol of divine favor. For centuries, sapphire has adorned royalty and clergy, symbolizing purity and wisdom. It is believed that the stone can protect its wearer from envy and harm, and even attract blessings from the divine.
Sapphire is also traditionally associated with the 5th and 45th wedding anniversaries, making it a meaningful gift that signifies enduring love and fidelity.
FACTS
- Mineral: Corundum
- Chemistry: Al2O3 (Aluminum oxide)
- Color: Every color but red
- Refractive index: 1.762 to 1.770
- Birefringence: 0.008 to 0.010
- Specific gravity: 4.00
- Mohs Hardness: 9
Conclusion
Sapphire is more than just a gemstone; it is a symbol of tradition, beauty, and resilience. Whether you are drawn to the deep blues of the classic sapphire, the delicate pinks, or the rare star sapphires, each stone tells a story that spans centuries and continents. As the birthstone of September, sapphire offers a connection to the past and a timeless beauty that will continue to be cherished for generations to come.
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